Muawiya ibn Abu Sufyan (died 680) was the founder of the Umayyad dynasty of caliphs. De plus, Yazid fit un traité de paix avec les chrétiens européens, et même leur donna certains territoires conquis à l’époque de son père, Il ordonna à Yazid b. Janâdat b. Abî Umayya de détruire la forteresse des musulmans à ArwâdToutefois ils combattirent dans certains moments contre les Romains, comme la bataille nommée : Sourîyâ en l’an Dhahabî, Târîkh al-Islâm, vol 5, p 270 ; Ziriklî, Al-A’lâm, v 7 p 339Dhahabî, Târîkh al-Islâm, vol 5, p 270 - 271 ; Ziriklî, Al-A’lâm, v 7 p 339Tabarî, Târîkh at-Tabarî, vol 3, p 61 ; Ibn Hishâm, As-Sîrat an-Nabawîyya, vol 2, p 412An-Nuwayrî, Nahâyat al-Arab fî Funûn al-Adab, vol 22, p 33 ; Al-Maqdisî, Al-Bad’ wa at-Târîkh, vol 6, p 71Ya’qûbî, Târîkh Ya’qûbî, vol 2, p 160 ; Balâdhurî, Ansâb al-Ashrâf, v 5 p 86Al-Balâdhurî, Ansâb al-Ashrâf, vol 5, p 323 ; Tabarî, Târîkh at-Tabarî, vol 5, p 494 3, p. 249, Dhikr 51 Hijri; Tarikh ibn Asakir, vol. 3, p. 240 Dhikr 51 Hijri; Risala Abu Bakr Khawarzmi, p. 122; Tarikh ibn Khaldun, vol. He is credited with establishing Mu'awiya's year of birth is uncertain with 597, 603 or 605 cited by the Muslim traditional sources.In 624, Muhammad and his followers attempted to intercept a Meccan caravan led by Mu'awiya's father on its return from Syria, prompting Abu Sufyan to call for reinforcements.Mu'awiya and his father may have reached an understanding with Muhammad during the During the reign of Uthman, Mu'awiya formed an alliance with the Mu'awiya's reliance on the native Syrian Arab tribes was compounded by the heavy toll inflicted on the Muslim troops in Syria by the plague of Amwas,Mu'awiya initiated the Arab naval campaigns against the Byzantines in the eastern Mediterranean,Dominance of the eastern Mediterranean enabled Mu'awiya's naval forces to raid Meanwhile, after two previous attempts by the Arabs to conquer Mu'awiya's domain was generally immune to the growing discontent prevailing in Medina, Egypt and Uthman sent for assistance from Mu'awiya when rebels from Egypt For seven months from the date of Ali's election there had been no formal relations between the caliph and the governor of Syria.Though he had the firm backing of the Kalb, to shore up the rest of his base in Syria, Mu'awiya was advised by his kinsman Mu'awiya rejected suggestions from his advisers to engage Ali in a duel and definitively end hostilities.The caliph adhered to the will of the majority in his army and accepted the proposal to arbitrate.Following the breakdown of the arbitration talks, Amr and the Syrian delegates returned to Damascus where they greeted Mu'awiya as In July, Mu'awiya dispatched an army under Amr to Egypt after a request for intervention from pro-Uthman mutineers in the province who were being suppressed by the governor, Caliph Abu Bakr's son and Ali's stepson In 659/660, Mu'awiya expanded the operations to the News of Busr's actions in Arabia spurred Ali's troops to rally behind his planned campaign against Mu'awiya,Before and/or after Ali's death, Mu'awiya received oaths of allegiance in one or two formal ceremonies in Jerusalem, the first in late 660/early 661 and the second in July 661.There is little information in the Muslim traditional sources about Mu'awiya's rule in Syria, the center of his caliphate.Mu'awiya is credited by the traditional sources for establishing Syria retained its Byzantine-era bureaucracy, which was staffed by Christians including the head of the tax administration, Mu'awiya's primary internal challenge was overseeing a Syria-based government which could reunite the politically and socially fractured Caliphate and assert authority over the tribes which formed its armies.Challenges to central authority in general and to Mu'awiya's rule in particular were most acute in Iraq, where divisions were rife between the In Basra, Mu'awiya reappointed his Abd Shams kinsman Following al-Mughira's death in 670, Mu'awiya attached Kufa and its dependencies to Ziyad's Basran governorship, making him the caliph's virtual viceroy over the eastern half of the Caliphate.In Egypt Amr governed as a virtual partner rather than a subordinate of Mu'awiya until his death in 664,The Arab presence in Egypt was mostly limited to the central garrison at Fustat and the smaller garrison at Alexandria.Although revenge for Uthman's assassination had been the basis upon which Mu'awiya claimed the right to the caliphate, he neither emulated Uthman's empowerment of the Umayyads nor used them to assert his own power.Despite his relocation to Damascus, Mu'awiya remained fond of his original homeland and made known his longing for "the spring in One of the earliest known Arabic inscriptions from Mu'awiya's reign was found at a soil-conservation dam called Sayisad 32 kilometers (20 mi) east of Ta'if, which credits Mu'awiya for the dam's construction in 677/78 and asks God to give him victory and strength.Mu'awiya possessed more personal experience than any other caliph fighting the Byzantines,Following the death of Emperor Constans II in July 668, Mu'awiya oversaw an increasingly aggressive policy of naval warfare against the Byzantines.While the histories of al-Tabari and al-Baladhuri report that Mu'awiya's forces captured Rhodes in 672–674 and colonized the island for seven years before withdrawing during the reign of Yazid I, the modern historian The struggle over the succession of Constantine IV drew Byzantine focus away from the African front.Mu'awiya dismissed Uqba in 673, likely out of concern that he would form an independent power base in the lucrative regions that he conquered.In a move unprecedented in Islamic politics, Mu'awiya nominated his own son, Yazid, as his successor.It was not until the latter half of his reign that Mu'awiya publicly declared Yazid heir apparent, though the traditional Muslim sources offer divergent details about the timing and location of the events relating to the decision.According to Hinds, in addition to Yazid's nobility, age and sound judgement, "most important of all was the fact that he represented a continuation of the link with Kalb and so a continuation of the Kalb-led [tribal] confederacy on which Sufyanid power ultimately rested".In Medina, Mu'awiya's distant kinsmen Marwan ibn al-Hakam, Sa'id ibn al-As and Ibn Amir accepted Mu'awiya's succession order, albeit disapprovingly.Mu'awiya died of an illness in Damascus in Rajab 60 Mu'awiya's grave was a visitation site as late as the 10th century.